{"id":502,"date":"2018-02-07T22:03:21","date_gmt":"2018-02-07T22:03:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/?p=502"},"modified":"2022-02-16T10:04:11","modified_gmt":"2022-02-16T10:04:11","slug":"sophie-germain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/2018\/02\/07\/sophie-germain\/","title":{"rendered":"Sophie Germain"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"section-g284091\" class=\"wp-block-gutentor-e6 section-g284091 gutentor-element gutentor-element-image\"><div class=\"gutentor-element-image-box\"><div class=\"gutentor-image-thumb\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"normal-image\" src=\"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/02\/Sophie-Germain.png\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Matem\u00e1tica francesa nacida en 1776 que comenz\u00f3 a interesarse por esta ciencia casi de casualidad. Seg\u00fan se cuenta, en la \u00e9poca de la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa se viv\u00eda un ambiente tan convulso que Sophie no pod\u00eda salir de casa, por lo que le\u00eda libros de la biblioteca de su padre por puro entretenimiento. Gracias a uno de ellos conoci\u00f3 a Arqu\u00edmedes, y su historia le llev\u00f3 a seguir leyendo libros de matem\u00e1ticas.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Sophie Germain fue una matem\u00e1tica autodidacta, y la forma que utiliz\u00f3 para difundir sus trabajos fue la correspondencia con otros matem\u00e1ticos, algunos tan importantes como <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Joseph-Louis Lagrange<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><b> y <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Carl Friedrich Gauss<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Preocupada por el hecho de que pudieran no tomarla en serio por el hecho de ser mujer, en ambos casos lo hizo utilizando <\/span><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/gaussianos.com\/la-metamorfosis-del-senor-leblanc\/\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Monsieur LeBlanc<\/span><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> como seud\u00f3nimo. Tanto Lagrange como Gauss acabaron sabiendo que Monsieur LeBlanc era en realidad una mujer, pero a ninguno de ellos le import\u00f3 lo m\u00e1s m\u00ednimo (en el buen sentido, se entiende).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Respecto a sus aportaciones a las matem\u00e1ticas, Germain se dedic\u00f3 principalmente a la <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">teor\u00eda de n\u00fameros<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">. Son importantes sus aportaciones sobre el <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00faltimo teorema de<\/span><\/span><b> <\/b><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Fermat<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> y sobre los n\u00fameros primos (de hecho, hay un tipo de n\u00fameros primos que se denomina <\/span><\/span><b><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">primos de <\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Germain<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">). Tambi\u00e9n es interesante destacar que, en geometr\u00eda, introdujo el concepto de <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">curvatura media<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"> de una superficie.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">Una de las mayores contribuciones de Germain a la teor\u00eda de n\u00fameros fue la demostraci\u00f3n matem\u00e1tica de la siguiente proposici\u00f3n: si <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>z<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> son enteros y <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">5<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> + <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">5<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> = <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>z<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">5<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, entonces al menos uno de ellos (<\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, o <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>z<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">) es divisible por cinco. Esta demostraci\u00f3n, que fue descrita por primera vez en una carta a Gauss, ten\u00eda una importancia significativa ya que restring\u00eda de forma considerable las soluciones del <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Altimo_teorema_de_Fermat\">\u00faltimo teorema de Fermat<\/a>, el famoso enunciado que no pudo ser demostrado por completo hasta 1995.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">Una de sus m\u00e1s famosas identidades, m\u00e1s com\u00fanmente conocida como <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>Identidad de Sophie Germain<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> expresa para dos n\u00fameros <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> e <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> que:<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" 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width=\"339\" height=\"23\" align=\"bottom\" border=\"0\" hspace=\"1\" vspace=\"1\" \/> <span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">x 4 + 4 y 4 = ( x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 x y ) ( x 2 + 2 y 2 \u2212 2 x y ) . \u00a0 {\\displaystyle x^{4}+4y^{4}=(x^{2}+2y^{2}+2xy)(x^{2}+2y^{2}-2xy).\\ } <img \/> <\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">Intent\u00f3 demostrar el <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teorema_de_Fermat\">Teorema de Fermat<\/a>, y aunque no pudo hacerlo, obtuvo unos resultados que influyeron en las matem\u00e1ticas de la \u00e9poca.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">As\u00ed mismo, uno de sus resultados m\u00e1s conocidos es el conocido como <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teorema_de_Sophie_Germain\">Teorema de<\/a><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teorema_de_Sophie_Germain\"><u> <\/u><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">Sophie Germain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, gracias a un pie de p\u00e1gina en una obra de <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrien-Marie_Legendre\">Adrien-Marie Legendre<\/a> en 1823<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sophie_Germain#cite_note-6\"><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><u>[<\/u><\/span><\/sup><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><u>6<\/u><\/span><\/sup><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><u>]<\/u><\/span><\/sup><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">\u200b. Este teorema trata sobre la divisibilidad de las soluciones de la ecuaci\u00f3n <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> + <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> = <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>z<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> del <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Altimo_teorema_de_Fermat\">\u00daltimo teorema de Fermat<\/a> para <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N%C3%BAmero_primo\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><u>primo<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> impar. Sophie Germain prob\u00f3 que al menos uno de los n\u00fameros <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>x<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>y<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>z<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> tiene que ser divisible por <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">2<\/span><\/sup><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> si puede encontrarse un primo auxiliar \u03b8 tal que se satisfacen las dos condiciones:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">No existen dos potencias <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> distintas de cero que difieran uno en <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aritm%C3%A9tica_modular\">modulo<\/a> \u03b8; y<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">No existe ning\u00fan n\u00famero tal que <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> sea potencia de orden <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aritm%C3%A9tica_modular\">modulo<\/a> \u03b8 de \u00e9l.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">En cambio, el primer caso del \u00daltimo Teorema de Fermat (el caso en que <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> no divide <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>xyz<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\">) tiene que cumplirse para cada primo <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"><i>p<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial, serif;\"> para el que pueda encontrarse un primo auxiliar. Germain identific\u00f3 tal primo auxiliar \u03b8 para cada primo menor que 100<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Abel Fern\u00e1ndez<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Matem\u00e1tica francesa nacida en 1776 que comenz\u00f3 a interesarse por esta ciencia casi de casualidad. Seg\u00fan se cuenta, en la \u00e9poca de la Revoluci\u00f3n Francesa se viv\u00eda un ambiente tan convulso que Sophie no pod\u00eda salir de casa, por lo&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":1207,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[55,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-11f-mujeres-steam","category-la-mujer-en-la-ciencia"],"gutentor_comment":0,"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/02\/Sophie-Germain-600x400.png","featured_image_src_square":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/02\/Sophie-Germain-600x500.png","author_info":{"display_name":"autoralumno","author_link":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/author\/autoralumno\/"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/37"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=502"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1207"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maralboran.eu\/coeducacion\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}